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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their only real purpose is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with exceptionally altered powerful jaws so enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, such as juveniles, they're fed by workers.5556 Fontanelles, simple holes in the forehead that exude defensive secretions, are a feature of the family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species are readily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers' larger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers can use their globular (phragmotic) heads to obstruct their narrow tunnels.58 Different types of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, which have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers are able to spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes at their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation has an important part in nasute nutrition.60.
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a prosperous female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of this queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of the year, and huge swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others might farther moult to become soldiers alates.
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Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are exclusively female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are diploid and develop from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, male and female workers may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
The life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and undergo a series of moults as they grow.
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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time frame depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed them, but workers also take part in the social life of the use this link colony and also have certain different activities to achieve like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable place for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a place. When they do, they excavate a room big enough for both, close up the entrance and move to mate.70 After mating, the pair never go outdoors and spend the remainder of their lives in the nest.
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By way of instance, alates in certain species emerge during the daytime in summer while some emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with a great deal of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the bigger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is several years old.53 At adulthood, a main queen has a fantastic capability to lay eggs. In some species, the adult queen has a greatly distended abdomen and might produce 40,000 eggs per day.72 The two mature ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times more than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees provide assistance.